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COMMENTARIA IN LIBRUM SECUNDUM SENTENTIARUM

by St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio, O. F. M.

DOCTOR SERAPHICUS

WITH TEXT OF THE BOOK OF SENTENCES BY PETER LOMBARD

 

ENGLISH TRANSLATION by The Franciscan Archive

As Part of the Commentary Project

Accompanied by the Latin Text of the Quaracchi Edition, in Parallel

With the footnotes and Scholia of the Quaracchi Editors

 

© 2007-2010 Br. Alexis Bugnolo
(unless otherwise specified)

Nota Bene:  If you are a Professor of Theology or Philosophy or of Medieval Studies and have found this English Translation useful to yourself or students, and would like to publicly commend it, to further its diffusion and utility, please contact the Project at the URL Above.

Also: Comments, criticism and suggestions in regard to any aspect of this translation or project are cordially invited from the Academic Community, and most gratefully accepted, as the purpose here is to propagate the authentic thought of the respective Authors.

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This "Summa" of Theology stands shoulder-to-shoulder with that of St. Thomas Aquinas, but which differs from it by retaining the outlook of the Greek and Latin Fathers, while reconciling Aristotle with St. Augustine. 

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AN INTRODUCTION TO THIS ENGLISH TRANSLATION 

N.B.: This Translation is not yet available in Print. However, each Volume will be published on CD-Rom in a Latin-English Version.  Contact the Commentary Project Publisher at link above, for more information.

 

BOOK II
DE  RERUM  CREATIONE  ET  FORMATIONE  CORPORALIUM ET  SPIRITUALIUM ET  ALIIS  PLURIBUS  EO  PERTINENTIBUS

PREFACE:  [certain considerations concerning objections to Book I of St. Bonaventure's Commentary, and Master Peter’s Eight Improbable Opinions]

Foreword (Proœmium)   [introduction to the contents of  Master Peter of Lombard's Second Book of Sentences]

A List of Chapters in Book Two

DISTINCTION I

Part I, Chapter 1: That there is one Beginning, not more.
Chapter 2: What it is to create, what to make.
Chapter 3: According to what reckoning are words of this kind:  “to do”, “to make”, said of God.
Part II, Chapter 4:  For what reason has a rational creature been made, that is man and/or Angel.
Chapter 5:  In what manner man is said (to have) been made “for the sake of the reparation of the downfall of the Angels”.
Chapter 6:  For what reason has man been thus instituted, that (his) soul has been united to a body.

DISTINCTION I:  Part I:  On the creation of human nature as much as regards its efficient principle in general, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the entity of the principle of things.

Question 1:  Whether things have a causal principle?
Question 2:  Whether the world was produced from eternity, or in time?

ARTICLE II:  On unity of the principle of things.

Question 1:  Whether things have been produced into ‘being’ by several principles?
Question 2:  Whether the First Principle produced all things by Itself, or by means of another?

ARTICLE III:  On the very production or creation of things.

Question 1:  Whether ‘creation’ means a change?
Question 2:  Whether creation means a medium between Creator and creature?

 

DOUBTS on the text of the First Part of Master Peter's First Distinction

 

DISTINCTION I:  Part II:  On the multitude, end and distinction of creatures

 ARTICLE I:  On the distinction of things.

Question 1:  Whether from a first efficient principle there ought, and/or could be a multitude of things?
Question 2:  Whether the university of things is distinguished according to a threefold difference, namely, according to spiritual substance, corporal substance and that composed out of each?

ARTICLE II:  On the order of things to their end and to one another.

Question 1:  Which is the more principal end of founded things, whether the Divine Glory, or our utility?
Question 2:  Whether the spiritual nature excels in the dignity of nature the nature composed out of the spiritual and corporal?

ARTICLE III: On the manner of distinguishing the angelic spirit from the rational soul.

Question 1:  Whether the Angel and the soul differ in species?
Question 2:  What is the difference, through which an Angel and a soul differ?

 

DOUBTS on the text of the Second Part of Master Peter's First Distinction

 

DISTINCTION II

Part I, Chapter 1: On the Angels, when they were made.
Chapter 2: That nothing was made before heaven and earth.
Chapter 3: That together with time and with the world the spiritual and corporal creature began.
Part II, Chapter 4:  Where were the Angels then created?
Chapter 5:  That the mater of (things) visible and the nature of invisibles was created together, and each formless.
Chapter 6:  In what manner did Lucifer say:  “I shall ascend into Heaven”?

DISTINCTION II:  Part I:  When the Angels were created and on the measures of their duration, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the measure of the angelic nature in itself.

Question 1:  Whether spiritual beings have their own measure?

Question 2:  Whether of all eviternals there is one aevum?
Question 3:  Whether spiritual (beings) have a permanent, and/or a successive measure?

ARTICLE II:  On the measure of the angelic nature in comparison to the measure of a corporal thing.

Question 1:  Whether an aevum precedes time in any manner?

Question 2:  Whether between time and an aevum there is any intermediary measure?

Question 3:  Whether spiritual and corporal substances were created together?

 

DOUBTS on the text of the First Part of Master Peter's Second Distinction

 

DISTINCTION II:  Part II:  On the place, where the Angels were created.

 ARTICLE I:  On the nature of the empyrean Heaven in itself.

Question 1:  Whether there is an empyrean Heaven, and of what kind is it?
Question 2:  Whether the empyrean Heaven has an influence upon those (things) inferior (to it)?

ARTICLE II:  On the manner, in which Angels are in a place.

Question 1:  Whether Angels are in a corporeal place?
Question 2:  Whether an Angel is ever and at once in several places?

Question 3:  Whether an Angel is in an indivisible or point-like place?
Question 4:  Whether several Angels are together in the same place?

 

DOUBTS on the text of the Second Part of Master Peter's Second Distinction

 

DISTINCTION III

Part I, Chapter 1:  Angels of what kind were made?
Chapter 2:  Whether all the Angels were equal in essence, wisdom, and liberty of judgment?
Chapter 3:  What common and equal goods did the Angels have?
Part II, Chapter 4:  Whether they were created good, and/or evil, and whether there was any delay between their creation and fall?
Chapter 5:  On the threefold wisdom of the Angels before their downfall and/or confirmation.
Chapter 6:  Whether they had any love for God and/or for themselves before their downfall?

DISTINCTION III:  Part I:  How were the Angels created in regard to their natural attributes?, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the simplicity of the essence in the Angels.

Question 1:  Whether the Angels were composed out of matter and form?
Question 2:  Whether the matter, out of which the Angels have been composed, is the same with the matter of corporals?
Question 3:  Whether the matter of corporal and non-corporal things is one in number?

ARTICLE II:  On personal discretion among the Angels.

Question 1:  Whether in the Angels there is merely a personal discretion?

Question 2:  Whether the personal property in the Angels is a substantial one, and/or an accidental one?

Question 3:  Whether a personal discretion is on the part of a formal principle, and/or a material principle?

 

DOUBTS on the text of the First Part of Master Peter's Third Distinction

DISTINCTION III:  Part II:  On the habits superadded to the Angels through nature.

ARTICLE I:  On the quality, which the Angel had in his creation.

Question 1:  Whether God established an evil Angel?
Question 2:  Whether an Angel was in the first instant of his creation evil by his own will?

ARTICLE II:  On an Angel’s natural cognition.

Question 1:  Whether all the things, which an Angel cognizes, he cognized through innate species?

Question 2:  Whether an Angel through natural cognition cognized the Divine Essence in Itself without the medium and support of a creature?

ARTICLE III:  On the Angel’s natural dilection.

Question 1:  Whether the Angels by natural dilection loved God for His own sake and above all things?

Question 2:  Whether an Angel by natural dilection loves his superior more, or his peer, or his inferior?

 

 DOUBTS on the text of the Second Part of Master Peter's Third Distinction

 

 

The Franciscan Archive is honored to publish the English Translation and Commentary of   Edward Dean Buckner  © 2007   on St. Bonaventure of Bagnoregio’s Commentaries on the Second Book of Sentences OF MASTER PETER LOMBARD   Distinction 3, part I,   Article I : On the simplicity of the essence in the Angels and Article II : On personal discreteness in the Angels.   with his Introduction to the Latin text.   of the Kilian Fischer edition of 1493

 

 DISTINCTION IV

Chapter 1:  Whether the Angels were created perfect and blessed, or wretched and imperfect?

DISTINCTION IV:  On the habits constituting the Angels in the state of perfection, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  How the Angels were created in regard to glory and grace.

Question 1:  Whether the Angels were created in beatitude or glory?
Question 2:  Whether the Angels were created in grace?

ARTICLE II:  On the Angels in regard to the foreknowledge of their future outcome.

Question 1:  Whether to the good Angels their future permanence ought to have been revealed?

Question 2:  Whether to the evil angels there could have been revealed their damnation?

ARTICLE III:  On the morning and evening cognition of the Angels.

Question 1:  Whether the Angels in their very creation had a morning cognition?

Question 2:  Whether the Angels now have an evening cognition?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Fourth Distinction

 

DISTINCTION V

Chapter 1:  On the confirmation and conversion of those standing, and the aversion and lapse of those falling.
Chapter 2:  Briefly touches upon free will.
Chapter 3:  Whether anything had been given to those standing, by which they were converted.
Chapter 4:  Which grace the Angels needed, and which they did not.
Chapter 5:  Whether their aversion is to be imputed to their falls.
Chapter 6:  Whether the beatitude, which the standing accepted in confirmation, they merited through some grace apportioned at that time.

DISTINCTION V:  What the Angels became by their aversion and conversion, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On Lucifer’s turning away.

Question 1:  Whether Lucifer sinned by the sin of pride?
Question 2:  Whether Lucifer desired to be God’s equal peer?

ARTICLE II:  On the turning away of the lesser Angels.

Question 1:  Whether the lesser Angels sinned by a sin of pride?

Question 2:  Whether the sin of the lesser Angels has an order to the sin of Lucifer?

ARTICLE III:  On the conversion of the good Angels.

Question 1:  Whether the conversion of the good Angels was by the virtue of nature, and/or by the help of grace?

Question 2:  Whether in the conversion of the good Angels merit preceded reward, and/or vice versa?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Fifth Distinction

 

DISTINCTION VI

Chapter 1:  That of the greater and lesser Angels, certain ones fell down, among whom one was loftier, namely Lucifer.
Chapter 2:  Whence and whither they were cast down.
Chapter 3:  For what reason has it not been conceded to them to dwell in Heaven, and/or on Earth.
Chapter 4:  On the prelations of the demons.
Chapter 5:  Whether all the demons are in this gloomy air, or whether some are in Hell.
Chapter 6:  On the power of Lucifer.
Chapter 7:  Whether demons, once conquered by the Saints, thereafter approach other men.

DISTINCTION VI:  On the ruin of the evil angels, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  From which Order the evil angels fell.

Question 1:  Whether Lucifer was from the supreme Order of the Angels?
Question 2:  From which Order did the lesser Angels fall?

ARTICLE II:  Into what did the lapsed angels fall?

Question 1:  Whether the angels fell into the place of Hell?

Question 2:  Whether the demons fell into infernal punishment?

ARTICLE III:  On the order and the prelation of the Angels after their fall.

Question 1:  Whether among the demons there is a distinction of Orders?

Question 2:  Whether among the evil angels there is prelation?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Sixth Distinction 

 

DISTINCTION VII

Part I, Chapter 1:  Whether good Angels can sin, and/or evil angels uprightly live.
Chapter 2:  That though each have free will, yet they cannot be bent to each.
Chapter 3:  That the good Angels have a more free judgment after their confirmation than before.
Chapter 4:  That the good Angels cannot sin from their nature, just as they could before.
Part II, Chapter 5:  In what manners evil angels may know the truth of temporal things.
Chapter 6:  That the arts of magic prevail by the virtue and knowledge of the Devil, which is theirs from God.
Chapter 7:  That the matter of visible things does not serve the evil angels at will.
Chapter 8:  That the evil angels are not creators, though through them mages make frogs and other things;
just as neither do the good Angels, even if through their ministry creatures come to be.
Chapter 9:  That God alone so works the creation of things, just as He does the justification of the mind.
Chapter 10:  That evil angels can do many things through their own natural vigor, which they cannot do on account of God’s prohibition.

DISTINCTION VII:  Part I: On the confirmation and obstinacy of the Angels, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the malignity of obstinacy in regard to the evil spirits.

Question 1:  Whether the affection and/or will of a demon can be rectified?
Question 2:  Whether in demons there is a continuation of an evil will?
Question 3:  Whether the evil will in demons is intensified?

ARTICLE II:  On the immutability of free will both in the confirmed, and in the obstinate.

Question 1:  Whether the confirmation of the good Angels changes the judgment of their will’s liberty?
Question 2:  Whether obstinacy takes away from the demons the use of the liberty of their will?
Question 3:  Whether confirmation in the good, and/or obstinacy in evil diminishes the dominion of the liberty of judgment?

 DISTINCTION VII:  Part II: On the consequences of the obstinacy of the evil angels, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the cognition of the demons.

Question 1:  Whether there occurs in demons a deception about things present?
Question 2:  Whether there occurs in demons a forgetfulness?
Question 3:  Whether in demons there is a precognition in regard to things future?

ARTICLE II:  On the virtue of the power of demons.

Question 1:  Whether there occurs in demons a deception about things present?
Question 2:  Whether the demons can induce the true forms of things?
Question 3:  Whether one can use the arts of magic without sin?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Seventh Distinction

 

DISTINCTION VIII

Part I, Chapter 1:  Whether all Angels are corporeal?
Chapter 2:  On the forms, according to which God appeared, and on those, in which the Angels appear.
Chapter 3:  That God in the appearance, according to which He is God, never has appeared to mortals.
Part II, Chapter 4:  In what manner demons are said “to enter” into men.

DISTINCTION VIII:  Part I: On the power of the demons, which they have over bodies similar to human bodies, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the assumption of bodies in regard to the union of body and spirit.

Question 1:  Whether the Angels have bodies naturally united to themselves?
Question 2:  Whether the Angels at some time assume bodies for themselves?

ARTICLE II:  On the formation of an assumed body.

Question 1:  Whether an assumed body has the true form of a human body?
Question 2:  Whether the bodies assumed by Angels are made from a celestial or an elementary nature?

ARTICLE III:  On the operation of a formed and assumed body.

Question 1:  Whether an Angel exercises in assumed bodies the operation of the vegetative power?
Question 2:  Whether Angels exercise in assumed bodies the operations befitting the sensitive power?

 

 DOUBTS on the First Part of the text of Master Peter's Eighth Distinction

DISTINCTION VIII:  Part II: On the power of the demons in respect of men.

ARTICLE SOLE:  On the power of demons in respect of men.

Question 1:  Whether demons can dwell in human bodies?
Question 2:  Whether demons can slip into souls?
Question 3:  Whether demons can illude the senses?

Question 4:  Whether demons can instill thoughts?
Question 5:  Whether demons can enkindle evil affections?
Question 6:  Whether demons can scrutinize our conscience?

In this second part, the Seraphic Doctor omits treatment of Doubts on the text of Master Peter

DISTINCTION IX

Chapter 1:  On the distinction of the Angelic Orders.
Chapter 2:  What is named an “Order”? and what is the reason for the name for each?
Chapter 3:  That those names have been taken from the gifts of grace, and have been given them not for their own sake, but for our sake.
Chapter 4:  Whether these Orders were distinguished from the start of creation?
Chapter 5:  Whether all Angels of the same Order are equal?
Chapter 6:  In what manner does Scripture say, that the tenth Order is to be completed from men?
Chapter 7: Whether men are assumed in accord with the number of the standing and/or of the lapsed spirits?

DISTINCTION IX:  On the distinction of the Angelic Orders, by St. Bonaventure

Prenotations concerning the names and divisions of the Angels

ARTICLE SOLE:  On Orders of the Angels.

Question 1:  Whether Angels of diverse Orders belong through nature to diverse species?
Question 2:  Whether the distinction of Angels is by nature, or by grace?

Question 3:  Whether greater gratuitous gifts are given to the Angels by God according to the greater capacity of their natural gifts?

Question 4:  From what is an Order of Angels denominated?

Question 5:  Whether those to be saved are taken up to each one of the Orders of the Angels?

Question 6:  Whether every preferment of the Angels will be emptied out after the Judgment?

Question 7:  Whether there are only nine Orders of Angels, or whether there are more?

Question 8:  Whether there is perfect equality in the same Order of Angels, or whether there is a certain gradation?

Question 9:  Whether it is suitable for substances others than Angels to be distinguished through orders?

In this Distinction, the Seraphic Doctor omits treatment of Doubts on the text of Master Peter

DISTINCTION X

Chapter 1:  Whether all the celestial spirits are sent?
Chapter 2:  Whether “Michael”, “Gabriel”, and “Raphael” are names of Orders, and/or of spirits?

DISTINCTION X:  On the ministry of the Angels, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  Whether good Angels are sent?

Question 1:  Whether some Angels are sent?
Question 2:  Whether it belongs to all the Angels to be sent?

ARTICLE II:  For what are the good Angels sent?

Question 1:  Whether the Angels are sent to inflame our affection?
Question 2:  Whether the Angels are sent to illumine our intellect? 

ARTICLE III:  In what kind of manner do the Angels execute their office?

Question 1:  Whether the speech of an Angel is the same as his thought?
Question 2:  Whether the same locution can be from God and from an Angel?

 

 DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Tenth Distinction

DISTINCTION XI

Chapter 1:  That souls have each a good Angel to guard them, and an evil angel to exercise them.
Chapter 2:  Whether Angels make progress in merit and reward up until the Judgment?

DISTINCTION XI:  On ministry of the Angels in respect of men, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  About the Angels’ custody of men.

Question 1:  Whether Angels ought to be deputed to guard a fallen man?
Question 2:  Whether it was suitable, that an Angel be deputed to guard the man founded before the fall?
Question 3:  Whether Christ had a guardian Angel?

ARTICLE II:  On those things which are annexed to angelic custody.

Question 1:  Whether an Angel withdraws the benefice of his custody from a man on account of his obstinacy?
Question 2:  Whether a guardian Angel’s joy is amplified on account of the beatification of the one guarded?
Question 3:  Whether an Angel incurs any detriment on account of the damnation of the one guarded?

 

 DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Eleventh Distinction

DISTINCTION XII

Chapter 1:  On the distinction of the Six Days.
Chapter 2:  That some thought that all things were made in matter and form, others that this happened through intervals of time.
Chapter 3:  In what manner corporal things were founded through intervals of time.
Chapter 4:  In what sense are the tenebrae said to be something, and in what sense they are said not to be something?
Chapter 5:  For what reason is that confused matter said to be “formless”? and where it came to be, and how everso much did it ascend on high?
Chapter 6:  On the four manners of Divine Operation.

DISTINCTION XII:  On foundation of corporal nature, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  About the formlessness of matter.

Question 1:  Whether the matter of corporals was created in omnimodal possibility?
Question 2:  Whether matter was produced in perfect actuality?
Question 3:  Whether the matter of corporal things was created under any diversity of forms?

ARTICLE II:  On the quantity of the matter itself.

Question 1:  Whether of celestial and corporal bodies there is one matter as much as regards esse?
Question 2:  Whether prime matter was produced in a Day, or before every day?
Question 3:  What relation did that formless matter have to place?

 

 DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Twelfth Distinction 

DISTINCTION XIII

Chapter 1:  On the work of the first distinction.
Chapter 2:  On the light made on the First Day, whether it was spiritual, or corporal?
Chapter 3:  Where was it made?
Chapter 4:  In what manners “day” is accepted.
Chapter 5:  On the natural order of the computation of Days, and on that, which was introduced as a mystery.
Chapter 6:  On the understanding of these words:  “God said”.
Chapter 7:  In what sense the Father is said “to work in the Son”, and/or “through the Son”, and/or “in the Holy Spirit”.

DISTINCTION XIII:  On the information of matter through the common form of light, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the very production of light

Question 1:  Whether the light made on the first day was corporal, or spiritual?
Question 2:  Whether that light caused the day and night?

ARTICLE II:  On the essence and nature of light itself in itself.

Question 1:  Whether light is a body, and/or the form of a body?
Question 2:  Whether light is a substantial form, and/or an accidental one?

ARTICLE III:  On the effect and irradiation of light.

Question 1:  Whether the light, which goes forth from a luminous body, is a body?
Question 2:  Whether the light is a substantial form, or an accidental one?

 

 DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Thirteenth Distinction 

DISTINCTION XIV

Part I, Chapter 1:  On the work of the Second Day, on which the firmament was made.
Chapter 2:  Which heaven ought to be understood to have been made then.
Chapter 3:  From which matter was it made?
Chapter 4:  In what manner can waters be above the sky, and what kind are they?
Chapter 5:  On the shape of the firmament.
Chapter 6:  Why Scripture is silent concerning the blessing of the work of this Day.
Part II, Chapter 7:  On the work of the third day, when the waters were gathered together into one.
Chapter 8:  How all the waters were gathered together into one place, even though there are many seas and rivers.
Chapter 9:  On the work of the Fourth Day, on which the luminaries of heaven were made.
Chapter 10:  In what manner is this to be accepted:  Let them be for signs and seasons?

DISTINCTION XIV:  Part I: On the production of insensible, containing things, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the nature of the heavens.

Question 1:  Whether the crystalline heaven is from the nature of water?
Question 2:  Or whether the firmament is the same as the element of fire?

ARTICLE II:  On the heavens in regard to their shape.

Question 1:  Whether a heaven is of an orbicular shape?
Question 2:  Whether in a heaven there is a positing of a ‘right and left’?

ARTICLE III:  On the heavens in comparison to the influence of their mover.

Question 1:  Whether a heaven is moved immediately by God?
Question 2:  Whether the movement of a heaven is from its own form, and/or from an Intelligence?

 

DOUBTS on the First Part of the text of Master Peter's Fourteenth Distinction

 

 DISTINCTION XIV:  Part II: On the production of insensible, contained things, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the luminaries in comparison to the body, in which they are located.

Question 1:  Whether all the luminaries of heaven are located in one continuous body?
Question 2:  Whether the luminaries of heaven are moved in their own orbs by their own movements?
Question 3:  Whether it convenes with any orb to move without stars?

ARTICLE II:  On the luminaries in comparison to those, upon which they act.

Question 1:  Whether the luminaries of heaven have a diversity of perfections?
Question 2:  Whether diverse luminaries have diverse impressions upon corporal things?
Question 3:  Whether the diversity of morals among men is caused out of the impressions of luminaries?

 

DOUBTS on the Second Part of the text of Master Peter's Fourteenth Distinction

DISTINCTION XV

Chapter 1:  On the work of the fifth day, on which the swimming and flying creatures were made
Chapter 2:  On the work of the sixth day, on which were created the animals and creeping things of the land.
Chapter 3:  On venomous and harmful animals.
Chapter 4:  Whether the smallest creatures were created at that time?
Chapter 5:  Why man was made after all things.
Chapter 6:  On the sentence of those who contend that all things were made together.
Chapter 7:  In what manner is God’s “rest” to be understood?
Chapter 8:  In what manner is it to be accepted, that God is said to have completed His work on the seventh day, when He then rested?
Chapter 9:  In what manner are all things made by God said to be “very good”?
Chapter 10:  On the sanctification of the seventh day.

DISTINCTION XV:  On the production of things mixed and sensible or of the animals, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  Whether sensible creatures or animals were made?

Question 1:  Whether the souls of irrational creatures were produced out of something?
Question 2:  Whether the bodies of animals were composed out of the four elements?
Question 3:  Whether the bodies of animals are established more out of the passive elements than the active ones?

ARTICLE II:  On the order, in which the animals were produced.

Question 1:  Whether all sensible creatures were made for man’s sake?
Question 2:  In what order, on the part of time, did God produce sensible things?

Question 3:  Which is the order of the production of the animals in respect to God’s rest?

 

 DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Fifteenth Distinction 

DISTINCTION XVI

Chapter 1:  On the creation of man.
Chapter 2:  What kind of man was made?
Chapter 3:  On the image and similitude, to which man was made.
Chapter 4:  Why man is said to be an “image” and “made to the image”,
but the Son is not said to be “made to the image”?

DISTINCTION XVI:  In what kind of manner did God produce man to His image?, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  In what kind of manner is man an image according to an absolute consideration?

Question 1:  Whether man is truly an image of God?
Question 2:  Whether man is an image of God naturally?
Question 3:  Whether ‘to be the image of God’ befits man properly, such that it befits no other?

ARTICLE II:  On the image of God according to a related consideration?

Question 1:  Whether the reckoning of the image of God is found more principally in the Angel than in the soul?
Question 2:  Whether the image of God is more principally in the male than in the female?

Question 3:  Whether the image of God is more principally in the cognitive part than the affective one?

 

 DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Sixteenth Distinction 

DISTINCTION XVII

Chapter 1:  On the creation of the soul, or whether it was made from something?
Chapter 2:  On the insufflation and inspiration of God; when was the soul made, whether in the body, or outside of it?
Chapter 3:  At what age man was made.
Chapter 4:  Why man, having been created outside of Paradise, was placed in paradise.
Chapter 5:  In which manners is “paradise” accepted?
Chapter 6:  On the Tree of Life.
Chapter 7:  On the Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil.

DISTINCTION XVII:   On the production of Adam in regard to constituent principles, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the production of man in regard to the soul.

Question 1:  Whether the human soul is out of God’s Substance?
Question 2:  Whether the soul of Adam was produced out of matter?
Question 3:  Whether the soul of Adam was produced before the body, and/or afterward?

ARTICLE II:  On the production of man in regard to the body.

Question 1:  Whether the body of Adam ought to have been produced from a purely celestial nature?
Question 2:  Whether the body of Adam was constituted out of a purely elementary nature?

Question 3:  Whether the body of Adam was constituted out of the elements in an equal complexion and composition?

 

 DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Seventeenth Distinction 

DISTINCTION XVIII

Chapter 1:  On the formation of the woman.
Chapter 2:  For what reason was she formed from the side of the man, and not from another part of his body?
Chapter 3:  For what reason was the rib withdrawn from the man sleeping, and not waking?
Chapter 4:  Why was she made from a rib, multiplied in itself without the addition of any extrinsic thing?
Chapter 5:  On superior and inferior causes.
Chapter 6:  Of the causes, which are at once in God and in creatures, and of those, which are only in God.
Chapter 7:  On the soul of the woman, which is not from the soul of the man, because souls are not on account of a transduction.

DISTINCTION XVIII:  On the formation of woman from man., by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the production of the body of the woman from the side of the man.

Question 1:  Whether the body of the woman was produced?
Question 2:  Whether the woman was formed from the rib of the man according to a seminal reason?
Question 3:  Whether a seminal reason is a universal form, and/or a singular one?

ARTICLE II:  On the production of the soul of Eve and of other men.

Question 1:  Whether the souls of all men are one in substance, or diverse?
Question 2:  Whether the souls of all men were produced together?

Question 3:  Whether a rational soul is out of a transduction?

 

 DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Eighteenth Distinction 

DISTINCTION XIX

Chapter 1:  On the state of man before the sin, such as it was according to the body, and such as it was after the sin.
Chapter 2:  In what manner is man said to have been made into a living soul?
Chapter 3:  The body of man before sin was mortal and immortal, after sin dead.
Chapter 4:  Whether the immortality, which it then had, was from the condition of its nature, or whether it was out of the benefice of a grace?
Chapter 5:  Whether man could live forever, using the other trees and not the Tree of Life, with God not commanding, that he eat from it?
Chapter 6:  On the first and second immortality of the body.

DISTINCTION XIX:  On the immortality of man, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the immortality of man on the part of his soul.

Question 1:   Whether the human soul is immortal through nature?
Question 2:  Whether every soul, even that of a brute, was from its first condition immortal?

ARTICLE II:  On the immortality of Adam on the part of his body.

Question 1:  Whether the body of Adam, with him not sinning, could be dissolved?
Question 2:  Whether, with Adam sinning, his body could be perpetuated through the eating of the Tree of Life?

ARTICLE III:  On the immortality of the first man as much as regards the conjunct.

Question 1:  Whether immortality was in man by nature, and/or by grace?
Question 2:  Whether the immortality of innocence would have been the same through essence with the immortality of glory?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Nineteenth Distinction

 

DISTINCTION XX

On Human Generation

Scholars who wish to request a personal copy of the Latin/English text of this Distinction,
along with Bonaventure’s Commentary on the same, may request such by contacting the Commentary Project
through the link at the bottom of this page.  This Distinction will be published on the CD-Rom edition of Book II, Deo volente,
but not on the Web, for the sake of guarding the purity of Christ’s little ones.

DISTINCTION XXI

Chapter 1:  On the envy of the Devil, by which he approached to tempt our first parents.
Chapter 2:  On the form, in which he came.
Chapter 3:  On the serpent’s cunning.
Chapter 4:  Whether the Devil chose the serpent, to tempt through him?
Chapter 5:  On the manner of the temptation.
Chapter 6:  On the twofold species of temptation.
Chapter 7:  Why is the sin of man, and not (that) of Angel, is remediable?
Chapter 8:  That not only to the man was the precept given.

DISTINCTION XXI:  On the temptation, wrought by the Devil, of our first parents, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the temptation of our first parents.

Question 1:  What principally moved the Devil to tempt man?
Question 2:  Whether the temptation through the serpent was fitting?
Question 3:  Whether the order and progress of the temptation among our first parents was fitting?

ARTICLE II:  On the manner of temptation in general.

Question 1:  Whether it belongs to the flesh to tempt?
Question 2:  Whether a temptation of the flesh can be separated from a temptation of the devil?

Question 3:  Whether a temptation of the flesh is more difficult for us than a temptation of a devil?

ARTICLE III:  On the quantity of the sin of our first parents.

Question 1:  Whether the sin of Adam could have been venial?
Question 2:  Whether the first sin of man was forgivable, and/or unforgivable?
Question 3:  Whether the first sin was the gravest of all sins?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Twenty-First Distinction

DISTINCTION XXII

Chapter 1:  On the origin of that sin.
Chapter 2:  On the elation of the woman.
Chapter 3:  On the elation of the man.
Chapter 4:  Who was more delinquent, the man, or the woman?
Chapter 5:  On excusable and inexcusable ignorance.
Chapter 6:  Whether a will preceded that sin?

DISTINCTION XXII:  On man’s transgression, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the fault of our first parents in regard to the inordinacy of their affection.

Question 1:  According to which genus of sin did the woman sin?
Question 2:  Whether the man also completely desired that, which the woman desired?
Question 3:  Which sinned more gravely, whether the man, or the woman?

ARTICLE II:  On the fault of our first parents in comparison to the ignorance of their intellect.

Question 1:  Whether the sin of our first parents was out of ignorance?
Question 2:  Whether ignorance in any man can be a fault?

Question 3:  Whether ignorance is an excuse for fault?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Twenty-Second Distinction

 DISTINCTION XXIII

Chapter 1:  For what reason did God permit, that man be tempted, whom He knew was going to fall?
Chapter 2:  Of what kind was man, according to his soul, before the sin?
Chapter 3:  On the threefold knowledge of man before the Fall.
Chapter 4:  Whether man was prescient of those things which were going to be for him?

DISTINCTION XXIII:  On the permission of the first temptation, on the part of God, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the permission of the first temptation.

Question 1:  Whether God ought to have made man impeccable?
Question 2:  Whether God ought to have permitted, that man be assaulted?
Question 3:  Whether by a just man there ought to be desired the impulse of temptation?

ARTICLE II:  On the cognition our first parents.

Question 1:  Whether, if man had stood, he would have made progress in cognition through the intervals of the seasons?
Question 2:  Whether, if our first parents had stood in the state of innocence, they would have been able at any time to be deceived?

Question 3:  Whether Adam in the state of innocence cognized God thus, as God is cognized in the state of glory?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Twenty-Third Distinction

DISTINCTION XXIV

Part I, Chapter 1:  On the grace and power of man before the Fall.
Chapter 2:  On the help given man in creation, by which he was able to stand.
Chapter 3:  On free will.
Chapter 4:  On man’s sensuality.
Chapter 5:  On man’s reason and its parts.
Part II, Chapter 6:  On the similar order of sinning in us and in our first parents.
Chapter 7:  That in us is the man and the woman and the serpent.
Chapter 8:  On the spiritual marriage of man and woman in us.
Chapter 9:  In what kind of manner is temptation consummated in us through those three?
Chapter 10:  When the woman alone eats the forbidden food.
Chapter 11:  When the man also eats.
Chapter 12:  When is sin venial and/or mortal?
Chapter 13:  In which manners “sensuality” is accepted in Scripture.

DISTINCTION XXIV:  Part I: On free will, to the extent that it is compared to the other powers of the soul, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the help conferred upon man, through which he was able to resist.

Question 1:  Whether there could have been given to man a free will, inflexible through nature?
Question 2:  Whether there was given to man a natural help, through which he was able, apart from grace, to resist temptation?

ARTICLE II:  On the division of the powers of the soul.

Question 1:  Whether the intellect and the affection, or the reason and the will, differ essentially?
Question 2:  Whether the superior and inferior portion of the powers belong to a diverse power?
Question 3:  Whether division of the will through the natural and deliberative will is through diverse powers?
Question 4:  Whether the agent intellect and the possible intellect are one power, or diverse powers?

 

DOUBTS on the First Part of the text of Master Peter's Twenty-Fourth Distinction

 

 DISTINCTION XXIV:  Part II: On the order and progress of sin through the powers of the soul, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  In what kind of manner does sin have an ability to be done and be in the superior part of reason?

Question 1:   Whether sin, according to itself, has an ability to be done and be in the superior part of reason?
Question 2:   Whether in the superior portion of reason there can be venial sin?

ARTICLE II:  In what kind of manner does sin have an ability to be done in the inferior part of reason?

Question 1:  Whether any sin has an ability to be in the inferior part of reason apart from the sensuality?
Question 2:   Whether the inferior part of the reason can sin mortally apart from the superior part?

ARTICLE III:  In what manner does sin have an ability to be done and be in the sensuality?

Question 1:   Whether there can be venial sin in the sensuality?
Question 2:   Whether there can be mortal sin in the sensuality?

 

DOUBTS on the Second Part of the text of Master Peter's Twenty-Fourth Distinction

DISTINCTION XXV

Chapter 1:  The definition of “free will” according to the philosophers.
Chapter 2:  In what kind of manner is ‘free will’ accepted in God.
Chapter 3:  That the Angels and Saints have free will.
Chapter 4:  That free will will be freer, when it will not be able to sin.
Part II, Chapter 5:  On the difference of the liberty of judgment according to diverse times.
Chapter 6:  On the four states of free will.
Chapter 7:  On the corruption of free will through sin.
Chapter 8:  On the three manners of liberty of judgment:  from necessity, from sin, from misery.
Chapter 9:  On the liberty, which is on account of grace, and which is on account of nature.

DISTINCTION XXV:  Part I: On free will according to itself and in general, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE SOLE:  On free will in comparison to reason and will.

Question 1:  Whether free will is in those alone having reason, or whether it is also in brute animals?
Question 2:  Whether free will is a power distinct from reason and will?
Question 3:  Whether free will comprises the reason and the will?
Question 4:  Whether “free will” is the name of a habit, and/or of a potency?

Question 5:  Whether free will adds anything upon reason and will?
Question 6:  Whether the faculty of free will is more principally in the reason, or in the will?

 

DOUBTS on the First Part of the text of Master Peter's Twenty-Fifth Distinction

DISTINCTION XXV:  Part I: On free will according to itself and in general, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE SOLE:  On free will in comparison.

Question 1:  Whether free will is equally in all, in whom it is found?
Question 2:  Whether free will belongs to contingent and necessary acts, or only to contingent ones?
Question 3:  Whether free will, according to which it is free, is able unto evil?
Question 4:  Whether free will can be coerced by any created agent?

Question 5:  Whether free will can be coerced by God?
Question 6:  Whether free will can be bound in regard to use on account of the ineptitude of the body?

 

DOUBTS on the Second Part of the text of Master Peter's Twenty-Fifth Distinction

DISTINCTION XXVI

Chapter 1:  On operating and cooperating grace.
Chapter 2:  What is a will?
Chapter 3:  Which is the grace prevenient to good will?
Chapter 4:  That the good will, which is anticipated by grace, is prevenient to certain gifts of God.
Chapter 5:  That the thought of good precedes faith.
Chapter 6:  That understanding is prevenient to both the thought of and the delectation in the good.
Chapter 7:  Whether man works the good, through free will, without grace.

 DISTINCTION XXVI:  On free will with the help of grace, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE SOLE:  On the quiddity of grace.

Question 1:  Whether grace posits something about the one made pleasing?
Question 2:  Whether that which grace posits in the one made pleasing, is created, and/or uncreated?
Question 3:  Whether grace is in the genus of substance, and/or accident?
Question 4:  Whether grace is in the genus of corruptible, and/or incorruptible accident?

Question 5:  Whether grace is in the substance of the soul, and/or in its powers?
Question 6:  Whether grace is compared to the soul in the reckoning of a mover?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Twenty-Sixth Distinction

DISTINCTION XXVII

Chapter 1:  Whether it is the same the grace, which is said to be “operating” and “cooperating”?
Chapter 2:  In what manner grace merits to be increased.
Chapter 3:  On the three kinds of goods.
Chapter 4:  Among which goods is free will?
Chapter 5:  On virtue, what is it, and what is its act?
Chapter 6:  On the grace, which liberates the will, if it is, and/or is not, a virtue?
Chapter 7:  In what manner good merits start out of grace, and of which grace is this understood?
Chapter 8:  That good will is principally said to be a “grace”.
Chapter 9:  According to which reckoning is faith said “to merit justification”?
Chapter 10:  On the gifts of the virtues, and on the grace, which is not a merit, but which causes merit.
Chapter 11:  That the same is the use of virtue and the use of free will, but of virtue principally.
Chapter 12:  Certain authors think, that the virtues are the good uses of free will, that is, of the act of the mind.

DISTINCTION XXVII:  On helping grace in comparison to its differences and to virtue and merit, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On grace in comparison to another habit.

Question 1:  Whether the grace which makes one pleasing has to be divided through essentially diverse differences?
Question 2:  Whether the grace which makes one pleasing and gratuitous virtue differ through essence?
Question 3:  Whether the grace which makes one pleasing and glory differ essentially?

ARTICLE II:  On grace in comparison to the exercise of merit.

Question 1:  Whether through grace it happens that the very gift of grace already had is merited?
Question 2:  Whether through grace it happens that an increase of grace is merited?

Question 3:  Whether through grace it happens that it’s complement is merited?
 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Twenty-Seventh Distinction

DISTINCTION XXVIII

Chapter 1:  On the Pelagian heresy.
Chapter 2:  That the Pelagians use the sayings of St. Augustine in testimony of their error.
Chapter 3:  In what manner St. Augustine determined those words in his Retractations.
Chapter 4:  On the heresy of Jovinian and Mani, which St. Jerome crushed with one blow.

DISTINCTION XXVII:  On the power of free will without grace, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  How much is free will able, apart from the grace which makes one pleasing?

Question 1:  Whether free will, apart from the grace which makes one pleasing, can rise again from fault.
Question 2:  Whether free will, apart from the grace which makes one pleasing, can conquer its adversary?
Question 3:  Whether free will, apart from the grace which makes one pleasing, can fulfill all the commandments?

ARTICLE II:  On the power of free will, apart from grace freely given.

Question 1:  Whether free will, destitute of the grace freely given, can sufficiently dispose itself for the grace which makes one pleasing.
Question 2:  Whether free will, destitute of every grace, can resist any temptation?

Question 3:   Whether free will, destitute of every grace, is able unto any good in general?
 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Twenty-Eighth Distinction

DISTINCTION XXIX

Chapter 1:  Whether man before original sin was in want of operating and cooperating grace?
Chapter 2:  If man had the virtues before the Fall.
Chapter 3:  On the ejection of man from Paradise.
Chapter 4:  In what manner is this to be understood:  “Lest he take of the Tree of Life and live unto eternity”?
Chapter 5:  On the flaming sword placed before the gates of Paradise.
Chapter 6:  Whether man ate of the Tree of Life before the sin?

 DISTINCTION XXIX:  On grace according to the state of instituted nature, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the necessity of grace before the sin of the first humans.

Question 1:  Whether apart from the gift of grace man would have been accepted by God in the state of innocence?
Question 2:  Whether man in the state of instituted nature could have merited apart from the gift of grace?

ARTICLE II:  Whether before the sin man had the grace which makes one pleasing

Question 1:  Whether man had grace before the Fall?
Question 2:  Whether man was founded simultaneously in gratuitous and natural gifts?

ARTICLE III:  On the quantity of grace in the state of innocence.

Question 1:   Whether man had as many virtues before the Fall, as he had after the Fall?
Question 2:   Whether the gratuitous gifts in man, before and after the Fall, were for meriting in an equally efficacious manner?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Twenty-Ninth Distinction

DISTINCTION XXX

Chapter 1:  That through Adam sin and punishment passed into his descendents.
Chapter 2:  Whether that sin, which passed into all men, was the original one, and/or the actual one?
Chapter 3:  Certain ones think that it was the original one.
Chapter 4:  In what manner they assign, that it entered into the world.
Chapter 5:  That it was truly the original sin, which passed into his descendents.
Chapter 6:  What is original sin?
Chapter 7:  That original sin is a fault.
Chapter 8:  That original sin is said to be the “fomes of sin”, that is “concupiscence”.
Chapter 9:  What is understood by this name of “concupiscence”, which is the “fomes of sin.”
Chapter 10:  That through Adam original sin, that is concupiscence, entered into all.
Chapter 11:  Whether the sin, in which all have sinned, is the original one?
Chapter 12:  Out of which sense has it been said, that through the disobedience of one many have been constituted sinners?
Chapter 13:  That the original sin was in Adam and is in us.
Chapter 14:  In what manner are all said “to have been in Adam”, when he sinned, and “to have descended from him”?
Chapter 15:  That nothing extrinsic is converted into the human substance, which is out of Adam.

DISTINCTION XXX:  Whether and what is original sin, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the entity of original sin.

Question 1:  Whether the corruption, which is in human nature, is in it from the first rise of its foundation, or whether on account of the merit of sin?
Question 2:  Whether human nature by merit of the first transgression was only corrupted penally, or whether also culpably?

ARTICLE II:  On the quiddity of original sin.

Question 1:  Whether original sin is concupiscence?
Question 2:  Whether original sin is an ignorance?

ARTICLE III:  On the truth of human nature.

Question 1:  Whether anything passes over into the truth of human nature through an act of the generative power?
Question 2:  Whether anything passes over into the truth of human nature by the work of the nutritive power?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Thirtieth Distinction (are found at the end of Art. III, Q. 2 just above)

DISTINCTION XXXI

On The Transmission of Original Sin

Scholars who wish to request a personal copy of the Latin/English text of this Distinction,
along with Bonaventure’s Commentary on the same, may request such by contacting the Commentary Project through the link at the bottom of this page.  This Distinction will be published on the CD-Rom edition of Book II, Deo volente, but not on the Web, for the sake of guarding the purity of Christ’s little ones.

DISTINCTION XXXII

Chapter 1:  In what manner original sin is forgiven in Baptism..
Chapter 2:  Whether the foulness,
which one contracts out of the violent passion of one’s parents, is washed away in Baptism?
Chapter 3:  Whether God is the author of that concupiscence.
Chapter 4:  Why is that sin imputed to the soul?
Chapter 5:  Whether the former sin is necessary, and/or voluntary?
Chapter 6:  Why God joins the soul to the body, knowing that it will be stained thereby.
Chapter 7:  Whether souls on account of (their) creation are equal in natural gifts?

DISTINCTION XXXII:  In what kind of manner is original sin cured?, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the blotting out of the original fault.

Question 1:  Whether Baptism blots out original sin as much as regards the fault?
Question 2:  Whether original sin is blotted out through Baptism, as much as regards its cause?

ARTICLE II:  On the deadly disease of concupiscence.

Question 1:  Whether concupiscence is in the soul, and/or in the flesh as in its subject?
Question 2:  Whether concupiscence is from God?

ARTICLE III:  On the equity of the Divine Judgment in the infusion and punishment of the soul.

Question 1:  Whether God ought to impute that stain to the soul, which it contracts out of the flesh?
Question 2:  Whether it befits the Divine Justice to infuse a soul into such a flesh?

 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Thirty-Second Distinction

DISTINCTION XXXIII

Chapter 1:  Whether little ones bear from their origin the sins
of all their preceding parents, as they do the sin of Adam?
Chapter 2:  In what manner, in that one first sin, several are found.
Chapter 3:  Whether the sin of Adam is more grave than all the others?
Chapter 4:  Whether that sin was forgiven for our first parents?
Chapter 5:  In what manner are the sins of parents visited and not visited upon their sons?

DISTINCTION XXXIII:  Whether original sin is multiplied and intensified through the sins of one’s nearest parents?, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On original sin in regard to its preceding cause.

Question 1:  Whether the sins of their nearest parents are imputed to sons and/or are transmitted to them?

Question 2:  Whether our first parent could have satisfied for his descendents, just as he was able to vitiate them out of his own fault?

ARTICLE II:  On the quantity of original sin.

Question 1:  Whether original sin is found in all equally?
Question 2:  Whether it must be posited that original sin is one, and/or several?

ARTICLE III:  On the punishment for original sin.

Question 1:  Whether little ones, dying in original sin alone, are punished with the punishment of the material fire?
Question 2:  Whether little ones, dying in original sin alone, are punished with any interior sorrow?
 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Thirty-Third Distinction

DISTINCTION XXXIV

Chapter 1:  On actual sin.
Chapter 2:  What the origin and cause of the first sin was.
Chapter 3:  What was the secondary cause of evils?
Chapter 4:  On which account the cause of evils is not but in a good thing?
Chapter 5:  That in these matters the rule of dialectics concerning contraries deceives.

DISTINCTION XXXIV:  On actual sin according to its causality, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On original principle of evil.

Question 1:  Whether evil is from the good as from an origin?
Question 2:  Whether sin is from the will, as effecting and/or defecting?
Question 3:  Whether an evil is from a good according to intention, and/or apart from intention?

ARTICLE II:  On evil in comparison to the subject, in which it is.

Question 1:  Whether something is so evil, that it has nothing of the good?
Question 2:  Whether evil is in the good opposed to it?
Question 3:  Whether evil is in a good as some habit or whether it is a pure privation?
 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Thirty-Fourth Distinction

DISTINCTION XXXV

Chapter 1:  What is a sin?
Chapter 2:  On sin.
Chapter 3:  Whether an evil act, inasmuch as it is a sin,
is a corruption and/or privation of the good?
Chapter 4:  In what manner can sin corrupt a good, since it is nothing?
Chapter 5:  In what kind of manner man distances himself from God.
Chapter 6:  Whether a punishment is a deprivation of a good?

DISTINCTION XXXV:  On actual sin according to its quiddity and definition, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  Whether the good is corrupted through sin?

Question 1:   Whether a sin is a corruption of a good?
Question 2:   Whether a sin is the very corruption-passion, essentially speaking?
Question 3:  Whether a sin on account of this, that it corrupts a good, is contraried with the Uncreated Good?

ARTICLE II:  On the manner, in which a sin corrupts a good.

Question 1:  Whether the measure, beauty and order of a good are corrupted through any evil, together and inseparably?
Question 2:  Whether the measure, beauty and order of a good are corrupted equally through sin?
Question 3:  Whether the measure, beauty and order of a good can be totally corrupted through evil?
 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Thirty-Fifth Distinction

DISTINCTION XXXVI

Chapter 1:  Certain acts are a sin an a punishment for sin,
certain ones a sin and a cause of sin, but others a sin and a cause of and a punishment for sin.
Chapter 2:  Whether a sin is a cause of sin, inasmuch as it is a sin?
Chapter 3:  That not every sin is a punishment for sin.
Chapter 4:  Whether some sins are essentially punishments for sin?
Chapter 5:  That, though a sin be a punishment for sin,
the sin is from the man, the punishment from God.
Chapter 6:  On certain acts, which are undoubtedly sins and punishments,
and inasmuch as we suffer by them, are not sins.

DISTINCTION XXXVI:  Whether sin is a punishment for sin?, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  On the comparison of the fault to the punishment according to identity.

Question 1:  Whether a sin is the punishment for a sin?
Question 2:  Whether the passions of the soul are only punishments, or whether they are at once punishments and sins?

ARTICLE II:  On the comparison of the fault to the punishment according to inseparability.

Question 1:  Whether in any act one happens to posit a fault without a subsequent punishment?
Question 2:  Whether there can be a punishment in anyone without a preceding fault?

ARTICLE III:  On the comparison of the punishment to the equity of the Divine Justice.

Question 1:  Whether any punishment is from God?
Question 2:  Whether every punishment is from God?
 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Thirty-Sixth Distinction

DISTINCTION XXXVII

Chapter 1:  That some think, that evil acts are in no manner from God.
Chapter 2:  Out of what sense has it been said:  “God is not the author of evil”?

DISTINCTION XXXVVII:  Whether the action substrate to malice is from God, by St. Bonaventure

ARTICLE I:  Whether every action, according to which it is an action, is from God?

Question 1:  Whether every action, according to which it is an action is from God?
Question 2:  Whether the conservation of every thing is from God?
Question 3:  Whether every composition is from God

ARTICLE II:  Whether a defective action is one to be attributed to God?

Question 1:  Whether an unjust action, according to which it is unjust, is from God?
Question 2:  Whether a fortuitous operation, according to which it is fortuitous, is from God?
Question 3:  Whether a false enunciation, according to which it is false, is from God?
 

DOUBTS on the text of Master Peter's Thirty-Seventh Distinction

 

 

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